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exit; } hideAll(); qn.value=0; divElement = document.getElementsByTagName("DIV").item(0); divElement.style.left = +10; divElement.style.top = +10; resizeHandler(); } function donext() { var tmp; var last; tmp = eval(qn.value); last = tmp; tmp = tmp +1; qn.value = tmp; if (tmp != divs) { hideLast(last); divElement = document.getElementsByTagName("DIV").item(tmp); divElement.style.left = +10; divElement.style.top = +10; resizeHandler(); } else { alert ("There are no more questions."); tmp = tmp -1; qn.value = tmp; } } function doprev() { var tmp; var last; tmp = eval(qn.value); last = tmp; tmp = tmp -1; qn.value = tmp; if (tmp >= 0) { hideLast(last); divElement = document.getElementsByTagName("DIV").item(tmp); divElement.style.left = +10; divElement.style.top = +10; resizeHandler(); } else { alert ("You are at the beginning of the test."); tmp = tmp +1; qn.value = tmp; } } function hideLast(i) { divElement = document.getElementsByTagName("DIV").item(i); divElement.style.left = -2000; divElement.style.top = -2000; resizeHandler(); } function resizeHandler() { tq999.style.top=document.body.clientHeight - 60; tq999.style.left=10; } function doScroll() { tq999.style.top=document.body.scrollTop+document.body.clientHeight - 60; tq999.style.left=10; } function endTest() { if (confirm('Are you sure you want to Submit your answers and Exit the test now?')) { GradeNow(); } } function doGrade() { GradeNow(); } // THIS MUST BE THE LAST FUNCTION function GradeNow() { function doP(sst) { tts=''; for (i=1; i <= sst.length; i++) { if(sst.substring(i-1,i) == ' ') { tts=tts+String.fromCharCode(i+64)+' '; } } tts=tts+'/ '; return tts; } function doConvert(strName) { tempStr=strName; newTempStr=''; for (i=1; i <= tempStr.length; i++) { if (tempStr.substring(i-1,i)==' ') { newTempStr=newTempStr+String.fromCharCode(i+64)+' '; } } if (newTempStr=='') { newTempStr='None'; } newTempStr=' Student selected: '+newTempStr;return newTempStr; } function evaluate(rExp, sAns) { var tmpRE = new RegExp(rExp,"i"); return tmpRE.test(sAns); } function ufn(smt) { cr=' '; if (smt){cr=' ';} return cr; } function round(number,X) { X = (!X ? 2 : X); return Math.round(number*Math.pow(10,X))/Math.pow(10,X); } var vScore=0; var ca=0; var finalOut = ''; var sCan='Correct answer(s): '; var ust; var mst; var tOut; var finalOut; ust='';for(var i = 0; i < 5; i++){if (document.QUESTION1.Q1[i].checked){ust=ust+ufn(1);}else{ust=ust+ufn(0);}}mst='     ';tOut = 'Question 1: ' + sCan + doP(mst) + doConvert(ust) + '
';if (ust==mst){ca=ca+1;tOut = '

(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

(INCORRECT) ' + tOut;} finalOut = finalOut + tOut;ust='';for(var i = 0; i < 5; i++){if (document.QUESTION22.Q22[i].checked){ust=ust+ufn(1);}else{ust=ust+ufn(0);}}mst='     ';tOut = 'Question 22: ' + sCan + doP(mst) + doConvert(ust) + '
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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

(INCORRECT) ' + tOut;} finalOut = finalOut + tOut;ust='';for(var i = 0; i < 5; i++){if (document.QUESTION23.Q23[i].checked){ust=ust+ufn(1);}else{ust=ust+ufn(0);}}mst='     ';tOut = 'Question 23: ' + sCan + doP(mst) + doConvert(ust) + '
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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

(INCORRECT) ' + tOut;} finalOut = finalOut + tOut;ust='';for(var i = 0; i < 5; i++){if (document.QUESTION24.Q24[i].checked){ust=ust+ufn(1);}else{ust=ust+ufn(0);}}mst='     ';tOut = 'Question 24: ' + sCan + doP(mst) + doConvert(ust) + '
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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

(INCORRECT) ' + tOut;} finalOut = finalOut + tOut;ust='';for(var i = 0; i < 5; i++){if (document.QUESTION25.Q25[i].checked){ust=ust+ufn(1);}else{ust=ust+ufn(0);}}mst='     ';tOut = 'Question 25: ' + sCan + doP(mst) + doConvert(ust) + '
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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

(INCORRECT) ' + tOut;} finalOut = finalOut + tOut;ust='';for(var i = 0; i < 5; i++){if (document.QUESTION26.Q26[i].checked){ust=ust+ufn(1);}else{ust=ust+ufn(0);}}mst='     ';tOut = 'Question 26: ' + sCan + doP(mst) + doConvert(ust) + '
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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

(INCORRECT) ' + tOut;} finalOut = finalOut + tOut;ust='';for(var i = 0; i < 5; i++){if (document.QUESTION31.Q31[i].checked){ust=ust+ufn(1);}else{ust=ust+ufn(0);}}mst='     ';tOut = 'Question 31: ' + sCan + doP(mst) + doConvert(ust) + '
';if (ust==mst){ca=ca+1;tOut = '

(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

(INCORRECT) ' + tOut;} finalOut = finalOut + tOut;ust='';for(var i = 0; i < 5; i++){if (document.QUESTION32.Q32[i].checked){ust=ust+ufn(1);}else{ust=ust+ufn(0);}}mst='     ';tOut = 'Question 32: ' + sCan + doP(mst) + doConvert(ust) + '
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(INCORRECT) ' + tOut;} finalOut = finalOut + tOut;ust='';for(var i = 0; i < 5; i++){if (document.QUESTION33.Q33[i].checked){ust=ust+ufn(1);}else{ust=ust+ufn(0);}}mst='     ';tOut = 'Question 33: ' + sCan + doP(mst) + doConvert(ust) + '
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(CORRECT) ' + tOut;}else{tOut = '

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Student Selections
'+ finalOut + '
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GMAT online test

Equilibrium. The concept of stable equilibrium is of fundamental importance. We can define various types of equilibrium. Mechanical equilibrium achieved when all particles are at rest and the total potential energy of the system is a minimum.An apt analogy is that of the matchbox. When on its face it is in stable equilibrium. When balanced on an edge it is in unstable equilibrium. Note then when place on the narrow edge, the matchbox is not in stable equilibrium since it can reduce its potential energy by reverting to position a. Position ac is referred to as metastable mechanical equilibrium.Thermal equilibrium is the condition resulting from the absence of temperature gradients in the system. Chemical equilibrium is obtained when no further reaction occurs between the reacting substances, i.e. the forward and reverse rates of reaction are equal. Finally, thermodynamic equilibrium occurs the system is under mechanical, thermal and chemical equilibrium. The properties of the system pressure, temperature, volume and concentration-do not change with time.
Internal Energy. The internal energy of a system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all parts of the system. If the system were completely isolated from its surroundings (a closed system) the internal energy of the system would remain constant. If, on other hand, we allow the system to react with its surroundings its internal energy will change. Assume that we change the state of the system (its thermal and mechanical conditions) from the state A to state B that this is accompanied by an increase an internal energy dU. This imply that gray tin is more stable than white tin at 25°C in line with assumption that a system generally becomes more stable with time.

What is the primary goal of this passage?

A) To discuss concept of equilibrium in connection with fundamentals of modern science
B) To show importance of equilibrium for stability of mechanical and other systems
C) To discuss different scientific terms.
D) To distinguish among different types of equilibrium.
E) To explain how changing state of equilibrium would influence internal energy.

Equilibrium. The concept of stable equilibrium is of fundamental importance. We can define various types of equilibrium. Mechanical equilibrium achieved when all particles are at rest and the total potential energy of the system is a minimum.An apt analogy is that of the matchbox. When on its face it is in stable equilibrium. When balanced on an edge it is in unstable equilibrium. Note then when place on the narrow edge, the matchbox is not in stable equilibrium since it can reduce its potential energy by reverting to position a. Position c is referred to as metastable mechanical equilibrium.Thermal equilibrium is the condition resulting from the absence of temperature gradients in the system. Chemical equilibrium is obtained when no FURTHER REACTION OCCURS between the reacting substances, i.e. the forward and reverse rates of reaction are equal. Finally, thermodynamic equilibr. occurs the system is under mechanical, thermal and chemical equilibr. The properties of the system pressure, temperature, volume and concentration-do not change with time.
Internal Energy. The internal energy of a system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all parts of the system. If the system were completely isolated from its surroundings (a closed system) the internal energy of the system would remain constant. If, on other hand, we allow the system to react with its surroundings its internal energy will change. Assume that we change the state of the system (its thermal and mechanical conditions) from the state A to state B that this is accompanied by an increase an internal energy dU. This imply that gray tin is more stable than white tin at 25°C in line with assumption that a system generally becomes more stable.

Which is an effect if further reaction occurs ? (In Caps)

A) The forward and reverse rates of reaction are equal.
B) We can say about presence of temperature gradients in the system
C) We can not say about presence of temperature gradients in the system.
D) There is state of chemical equilibrium
E) There is no state of chemical equilibrium

Equilibrium. The concept of stable equilibrium is of fundamental importance. We can define various types of equilibrium. Mechanical equilibrium achieved when all particles are at rest and the total potential energy of the system is a minimum.An apt analogy is that of the matchbox. When on its face it is in stable equilibr. When balanced on an edge it is in unstable equilibrium. Note then when place on the narrow edge, the matchbox is not in stable equilibr. since it can reduce its potential energy by reverting to position a. Position c is referred to as metastable mechanical equilibr.Thermal equilibr. is the condition resulting from the absence of temperature gradients in the system. Chemical equilibr. is obtained when no further reaction occurs between the reacting substances, i.e. the forward and reverse rates of reaction are equal. Finally, thermodynamic equilibrium occurs the system is under mechanical, thermal and chemical equilibrium. The properties of the system pressure, temperature, volume and concentration-do not change with time.
Internal Energy. The internal energy of a system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all parts of the system. If the system were completely isolated from its surroundings (a closed system) the internal energy of the system would remain constant. If, on other hand, we allow the system to react with its surroundings its internal energy will change. Assume that we change the state of the system (its thermal and mechanical conditions) from the state A to state B that this is accompanied by an increase an internal energy dU. This imply that gray tin is more stable than white tin at 25°C in line with assumption that a system generally becomes more stable with time.

The passage argues that...

A) Changing thermal and mechanical conditions of a system will change its internal energy.
B) Temperature gradients are accompanied with existence of thermal equilibrium.
C) Changing thermal and mechanical conditions of a system will improve its internal energy.
D) We must allow the system to react with its surroundings in order to reach state of equilibrium.
E) It's impossible to find closed system in reality

Equilibrium. The concept of stable equilibr. is of fundamental importance. We can define various types of equilibr. Mechanical equilibr. achieved when all particles are at rest and the total potential energy of the system is a minimum.An apt analogy is that of the matchbox. When on its face it is in stable equilibr. When balanced on an edge it is in unstable equilibr. Note then when place on the narrow edge, the matchbox is not in stable equilibr. since it can reduce its potential energy by reverting to position a. Position c is referred to as metastable mechanical equilibr.Thermal equilibr. is the condition resulting from the absence of temperature gradients in the system. Chemical equilibr. is obtained when no further reaction occurs between the reacting substances, i.e. the forward and reverse rates of reaction are equal. Finally, thermodynamic equilibr. occurs the system is under mechanical, thermal and chemical equilibr. The properties of the system pressure, temperature, volume and concentration-do not change with time.
Internal Energy. The internal energy of a system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all parts of the system. If the system were completely isolated from its surroundings (a closed system) the internal energy of the system would remain constant. If, on other hand, we allow the system to react with its surroundings its internal energy will change. Assume that we change the state of the system (its thermal and mechanical conditions) from the state A to state B that this is accompanied by an increase an internal energy dU. This imply that gray tin is more stable than white tin at 25°C in line with assumption that a system generally becomes more stable with time.

The passage provides info to answer which of the following questions?

A) Why should we allow the system to react with its surroundings ?
B) What is the metastable mechanical equilibrium ?
C) What is the sum of the potential energy and kinetic energy ?
D) When the thermodynamic properties of a system do not change with time ?
E) How can we change the state of a system ?

This question presents a sentence, part of which or all of which is IN CAPS. Beneath the sentence you will find five ways of phrasing the underlined part. The first of these repeats the original; the other four are different. If you think the original is best, choose the first answer; otherwise choose one of the others.

After finishing war, the Soviet Union APPEARED TO BE LAYING IN RUINS, suffering from the horrible consequences.

A) appeared to be laying in ruins
B) was ruined by enemy
C) was understood as lying in the ruins
D) appeared to be in ruins
E) was a country that laid in ruins

For this question, select the best of the answer choices given.

Buy StremBlast, the newest video compression tool. In a recent software development survey, four out of five programmers recommended the method of video compression, used in our solution to create modern multimedia applications. Which of the following can be validly inferred from the passage above?
1. Four out of five programmers recommend StreamBlast .
2. Those who use StreamBlast will create modern multimedia applications.
3. StreamBlast is necessary to create modern multimedia applications.

A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 1 and 2 only
E) Neither 1, 2 or 3

For this question, select the best of the answer choices given.

Matrix structure of corporation can be represented as a network. There are regional managers, product managers, local daughter companies. The local manager must report both to regional and product directors and as a result, conflict of interests may appear.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends ?

A) Conflicting situations are typical for the matrix form of organization.
B) Reporting to more than one manager will result in conflict.
C) An individual is more likely to resolve a conflict on his own than in a group.
D) All heads of corporations take care about resolving conflicts
E) The matrix form of organization always involve conflicts.

For this question, select the best of the answer choices given.

Every girl from my class has a bag, and all of these bags are either blue or white. If the statement above is true, which one of the following must also be true?
1. Some girls from my school have blue bags.
2. If a girl has not a bag, then she is not from my class.
3. If a girl from my school has a white bag, then she is also from my class.

A) 1 Only
B) 2 only
C) 1 and 2 only
D) 1 and 3 only
E) 1, 2 and 3

The Craft House in Merchants Square, occupied by an AP grocery up to 1954, seems inspired by the seventh of Jefferson's ten classical pavilions housing faculty beside the Lawn at the University of Virginia and by post- Revolutionary resort buildings in western Virginia, certainly edifices one would never expect to encounter on the main street of Williamsburg. Designing some buildings in a post-eighteenth-century style was intentional, as at the Williamsburg Inn, a second group of buildings that are sympathetic to while looking slightly different from the adjacent Historic Area. In bothcases, the intent was to create subtle cues for the observant visitor or resident and to avoid diluting the character of the Historic Area.
As rich a jambalaya as this seems, the result is visually coherent and successful, and has inspired distant copies of varied quality. The square was essentially finished in 1932, with the movie theater opening the following month.
There have been some peripheral additions, like post office on Henry Street, now Everything Williamsburg, and its 1962 successor one block south, now the Henry Street Shops. The nature of the commerce has also evolved, changing most rapidly in 1955, when many of the locally oriented stores moved to a shopping center developed by Colonial Williamsburg a mile or more west of the Historic Area. It is no longer possible to buy a frozen chicken or a cast-iron stove in Merchants Square, though one can certainly enjoy an excellent meal or find a good book there. Even the name has evolved. First identified as "shops," and "the business block," the area was not christened Merchants Square until 1964, when George Wright, Colonial Williamsburg's liaison with the stores, suggested it.

What is the primary focus of this passage ?

A) Architectural styles of Williamsburg.
B) Historical buildings on Merchants Square
C) History of Merchants Square
D) Design and architecture
E) Chickens and stoves

The Craft House in Merchants Square, occupied by an AP grocery up to 1954, seems inspired by the seventh of Jefferson's ten classical pavilions housing faculty beside the Lawn at the University of Virginia and by post- Revolutionary resort buildings in western Virginia, certainly edifices one would never expect to encounter on the main street of Williamsburg. Designing some buildings in a post-eighteenth-century style was intentional, as at the Williamsburg Inn, a second group of buildings that are sympathetic to while looking slightly different from the adjacent Historic Area. In bothcases, the intent was to create subtle cues for the observant visitor or resident and to avoid DILUTING THE CHARACTER of the Historic Area.
As rich a jambalaya as this seems, the result is visually coherent and successful, and has inspired distant copies of varied quality. The square was essentially finished in 1932, with the movie theater opening the following month. There have been some peripheral additions, like post office on Henry Street, now Everything Williamsburg, and its 1962 successor one block south, now the Henry Street Shops. The nature of the commerce has also evolved, changing most rapidly in 1955, when many of the locally oriented stores moved to a shopping center developed by Colonial Williamsburg a mile or more west of the Historic Area. It is no longer possible to buy a frozen chicken or a cast-iron stove in Merchants Square, though one can certainly enjoy an excellent meal or find a good book there. Even the name has evolved. First identified as "shops," and "the business block," the area was not christened Merchants Square until 1964, when George Wright, Colonial Williamsburg's liaison with the stores, suggested it.

The the fragment IN CAPS is related to...

A) Perception of different architectural styles.
B) Shopping experience on the square.
C) Interesting characters of some historical figures.
D) Coherentness of visual perceptions and emotional expectations.
E) Commerce and art on the square.

The Craft House in Merchants Square, occupied by an AP grocery up to 1954, seems inspired by the seventh of Jefferson's ten classical pavilions housing faculty beside the Lawn at the University of Virginia and by post- Revolutionary resort buildings in western Virginia, certainly edifices one would never expect to encounter on the main street of Williamsburg. Designing some buildings in a post-eighteenth-century style was intentional, as at the Williamsburg Inn, a second group of buildings that are sympathetic to while looking slightly different from the adjacent Historic Area. In bothcases, the intent was to create subtle cues for the observant visitor or resident and to avoid diluting the character of the Historic Area.
As rich a jambalaya as this seems, the result is visually coherent and successful, and has inspired distant copies of varied quality. The square was essentially finished in 1932, with the movie theater opening the following month. There have been some peripheral additions, like post office on Henry Street, now Everything Williamsburg, and its 1962 successor one block south, now the Henry Street Shops. The nature of the commerce has also evolved, changing most rapidly in 1955, when many of the locally oriented stores moved to a shopping center developed by Colonial Williamsburg a mile or more west of the Historic Area. It is no longer possible TO BUY A FROZEN CHICKEN or a cast-iron stove in Merchants Square, though one can certainly enjoy an excellent meal or find a good book there. Even the name has evolved. First identified as "shops," and "the business block," the area was not christened Merchants Square until 1964, when George Wright, Colonial Williamsburg's liaison with the stores, suggested it.

The fragment in capitals is used to...

A) underline difficulties of shopping on Merchant Square today.
B) show historical development of shopping habits on the street.
C) explain historical changes in shopping experience on the square.
D) underline ease of shopping on Merchant Square today.
E) illustrate transformation of retail business.

The Craft House in Merchants Square, occupied by an AP grocery up to 1954, seems inspired by the seventh of Jefferson's ten classical pavilions housing faculty beside the Lawn at the University of Virginia and by post- Revolutionary resort buildings in western Virginia, certainly edifices one would never expect to encounter on the main street of Williamsburg. Designing some buildings in a post-eighteenth-century style was intentional, as at the Williamsburg Inn, a second group of buildings that are sympathetic to while looking slightly different from the adjacent Historic Area. In bothcases, the intent was to create subtle cues for the observant visitor or resident and to avoid diluting the character of the Historic Area.
As rich a jambalaya as this seems, the result is visually coherent and successful, and has inspired distant copies of varied quality. The square was essentially finished in 1932, with the movie theater opening the following month. There have been some peripheral additions, like post office on Henry Street, now Everything Williamsburg, and its 1962 successor one block south, now the Henry Street Shops. The nature of the commerce has also evolved, changing most rapidly in 1955, when many of the locally oriented stores moved to a shopping center developed by Colonial Williamsburg a mile or more west of the Historic Area. It is no longer possible to buy a frozen chicken or a cast-iron stove in Merchants Square, though one can certainly enjoy an excellent meal or find a good book there. Even the name has evolved. First identified as "shops," and "the business block," the area was not christened Merchants Square until 1964, when George Wright, Colonial Williamsburg's liaison with the stores, suggested it.

One may infer from the passage that...

A) George Wright was an architect of the square.
B) It's better to buy cast-iron stoves on the Merchant Square.
C) It's better to make daily shopping not on the square.
D) Many architectural styles exist on the square.
E) The Craft House was occupied by grocery sellers.

This question presents a sentence, part of which or all of which is in CAPS. Beneath the sentence you will find five ways of phrasing the underlined part. The first of these repeats the original; the other four are different. If you think the original is best, choose the first answer; otherwise choose one of the others.

THE FALLING COST of production of semiconductors have made computers affordable for all.

A) The falling cost
B) Since the falling costs
C) The falling costs
D) Because of the falling costs
E) Falling cost

For this question, select the best of the answer choices given.

Professor Johnson, my opponent in this discussion, has argued that Balance Score Card was copied from the French methodology "tableau le bord". Johnson has no reason to make such assumption, since I know he does not speak French and there is no official translation of the "tableau le bord".
Which of the following is the most serious weakness of the argument above?

A) It assumes that anything that Johnson knows is right.
B) It confuses academic knowledge with linguistic problems.
C) It assumes that Johnson's education is not good enough.
D) It implies that Johnson should study language instead of discussing serious matters.
E) It fails to respond to Johnson.

For this question, select the best of the answer choices given.

After events of the September 11-th, THE NUMBER OF TRAVELLERS ON AIR LINES DECREASED MARKEDLY.

A) the number of travellers on air lines decreased markedly.
B) the numbers of travellers on air lines decreased markedly.
C) the volume of travellers on air lines decreased markedly.
D) that was a number of travellers on air lines, which decreased markedly.
E) number of travellers on air lines was decreased markedly.

For this question, select the best of the answer choices given.

This computer can be bought in standard and professional configurations. But according to the pamphlet, only for using graphical applications, the computer must have 256 Mb video card installed. So it is actually no difference between standard configuration and professional configuration except installation of 256 Mb video card.

Which of the following best identifies the flaw in the above document ?

A) The fact that many people do not use graphical applications.
B) It can not be concluded that professional version created only for graphical applications.
C) It does not consider what complications may arise for unexperienced user.
D) It fails to consider other requirements for graphical applications.
E) It is unreasonable to buy computer without prior education or training.

For this question, select the best of the answer choices given.

A programmer cannot compile program A without first creation help file B. You can create help file only if you've read requirements C.
If the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true?

A) If a programmer has not created program A, he must not have read requirements C.
B) If a programmer read requirements C, he must also have created program A.
C) A programmer can make either program A or help file B, but not both.

D) A programmer who has not read requirements C has not created program A.

E) A programmer who created program A has not read requirements C .

For many of us who worked in the Russian markets during the big privatization wave of the 1990s, seeing some of the most corrupt deals finally subjected to judicial review (however imperfect) is a breath of fresh air.
These sell-offs were not good deals that are now being unfairly subjected to attack because of inevitable technical violations of unclear Russian laws. They were bad deals -- rotten to the core in terms of legal, financial, ethical and public policy values. Companies were effectively taken over by the pre-appointed winners and bled financially prior to the privatization sales. Bidding was openly collusive rather than competitive.
To be sure, these conditions spawned billionaire oligarchs. But they also massively shortchanged the state. They were a step backward rather than forward in the critical task of developing a culture with respect for the rule of law, and they generated wholesale popular cynicism about Russia's variant of capitalism. Many people argue that the "greater good" of market stability requires that the participants in Russia's corrupt privatization deals be given immunity or repose behind a statute of limitations. I'm not sure I agree.
The privatization thefts are still fresh in society's memory. It may be a useful moral imprint on young Russians to see folks who are manifestly thieves brought to justice. And if the costs are substantial losses to Russia's portfolio investors, delays in big strategic deals and a period of financial uncertainty, so be it.
Russia is still a trade, not an investment. As the last two years show, it can be a very good trade. But it will not be an investment until there is a true culture of rule of law.

What is the primary idea of the passage ?



A) Statute of limitations can not be used in Russian legislation, because of corruption and instability.
B) Russian privatization process must be judicially reviewed.
C) It's essential for Russia to maintain rule of law.
D) There will be substantial losses to Russia's portfolio investors.
E) Everybody must obey law.

For many of us who worked in the Russian markets during the big privatization wave of the 1990s, seeing some of the most corrupt deals finally subjected to judicial review (however imperfect) is a breath of fresh air.
These sell-offs were not good deals that are now being unfairly subjected to attack because of inevitable technical violations of unclear Russian laws. They were bad deals -- rotten to the core in terms of legal, financial, ethical and public policy values. Companies were effectively taken over by the pre-appointed winners and bled financially prior to the privatization sales. Bidding was openly collusive rather than competitive.
To be sure, these conditions spawned billionaire oligarchs. But they also massively shortchanged the state. They were a step backward rather than forward in the critical task of developing a culture with respect for the rule of law, and they generated wholesale popular cynicism about Russia's variant of capitalism. Many people argue that the "greater good" of market stability requires that the participants in Russia's corrupt privatization deals be given immunity or repose behind a statute of limitations. I'm not "
I agree.
The privatization thefts are still fresh in society's memory. It may be a useful moral imprint on young Russians to see folks who are manifestly thieves brought to justice. And if the costs are substantial losses to Russia's portfolio investors, delays in big strategic deals and a period of financial uncertainty, so be it.
Russia is still a trade, not an investment. As the last two years show, it can be a very good trade. But it will not be an investment until there is a true culture of rule of law.

One may infer from this passage that...

A) Technical violations are inevitable in Russian law.
B) Author supports investigations against Russian oligarchs.
C) Russian trade business has been rapidly developing.
D) Author supports investigations against Russian bureaucrats.
E) Bringing Russian oligarchs to justice is necessary for Russian economy.

For many of us who worked in the Russian markets during the big privatization wave of the 1990s, seeing some of the most corrupt deals finally subjected to judicial review (however imperfect) is a breath of fresh air.
These sell-offs were not good deals that are now being unfairly subjected to attack because of inevitable technical violations of unclear Russian laws. They were bad deals -- rotten to the core in terms of legal, financial, ethical and public policy values. Companies were effectively taken over by the pre-appointed winners and bled financially prior to the privatization sales. Bidding was openly collusive rather than competitive.
To be sure, these conditions spawned billionaire oligarchs. But they also massively shortchanged the state. They were a step backward rather than forward in the critical task of developing a culture with respect for the rule of law, and they generated wholesale popular cynicism about Russia's variant of capitalism. Many people argue that the "greater good" of market stability requires that the participants in Russia's corrupt privatization deals be given immunity or repose behind a statute of limitations. I'm not sure I agree.
The privatization thefts are still fresh in society's memory. It may be a useful moral imprint on young Russians to see folks who are manifestly thieves brought to justice. And if the costs are substantial losses to Russia's portfolio investors, delays in big strategic deals and a period of financial uncertainty, so be it.
Russia is still a trade, not an investment. As the last two years show, it can be a very good trade. But it will not be an investment until there is a true culture of rule of law.

All of the following are mentioned in the passage, EXCEPT

A) State suffered losses during privatization
B) Russian oligarchs created huge capitals due to ineffective taxation.
C) It's possible to say about specifics of Russian market economy.
D) Russian youth must be showed real examples of justice.
E) Russia is still waiting for real investments.

For many of us who worked in the Russian markets during the big privatization wave of the 1990s, seeing some of the most corrupt deals finally subjected to judicial review (however imperfect) is a BREATH OF FRESH AIR.
These sell-offs were not good deals that are now being unfairly subjected to attack because of inevitable technical violations of unclear Russian laws. They were bad deals -- rotten to the core in terms of legal, financial, ethical and public policy values. Companies were effectively taken over by the pre-appointed winners and bled financially prior to the privatization sales. Bidding was openly collusive rather than competitive.
To be sure, these conditions spawned billionaire oligarchs. But they also massively shortchanged the state. They were a step backward rather than forward in the critical task of developing a culture with respect for the rule of law, and they generated wholesale popular cynicism about Russia's variant of capitalism. Many people argue that the "greater good" of market stability requires that the participants in Russia's corrupt privatization deals be given immunity or repose behind a statute of limitations. I'm not sure I agree.
The privatization thefts are still fresh in society's memory. It may be a useful moral imprint on young Russians to see folks who are manifestly thieves brought to justice. And if the costs are substantial losses to Russia's portfolio investors, delays in big strategic deals and a period of financial uncertainty, so be it.
Russia is still a trade, not an investment. As the last two years show, it can be a very good trade. But it will not be an investment until there is a true culture of rule of law.

The author mentioned "breath of fresh air" (IN CAPS) in order to...

A) Illustrate feelings about changes in Russian legislation.
B) Illustrate feelings about changes in Russian judicial system
C) Illustrate feelings about changes in Russian business
D) Illustrate feelings about changes in Russian political system.
E) Illustrate feelings about changes in Russian society.

This question presents a sentence, part of which or all of which is IN CAPS. Beneath the sentence you will find five ways of phrasing the underlined part. The first of these repeats the original; the other four are different. If you think the original is best, choose the first answer; otherwise choose one of the others.

EACH OF THE BOOK'S CHARACTERS- FRODO, SAM, AND BILBO-HAS interesting personality.

A) Each of the books characters-Frodo, Sam, and Bilbo-has
B) Each of the books characters-Frodo, Sam, and Bilbo-have
C) All of the books characters-Frodo, Sam, and Bilbo-has
D) The each of the books characters-Frodo, Sam, and Bilbo-could have
E) Frodo, Sam, and Bilbo-each of the books characters-has

For this question, select the best of the answer choices given.

Before the new advertising campaign at SuperMarket Inc., sales had been rising by 40% per year. After the advertising campaign, sales only rose by 6%. The advertising campaign appears to have failed. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion above?

A) The goal of the advertising campaign was to have long-term benefits.
B) Demand for the product manufactured by the company has declined.
C) The costs of advertising were deducted from taxable income.
D) Advertising is the most effective way to get new customers.
E) Recent survey about effectiveness of the advertising campaign had very low response rate.

For this question, select the best of the answer choices given.

Group of management consultants in Erit Inc. observed problems similar to those in Maro Co Ltd. There are lack of leadership, low commitment, and high employee turnover. Managers of both companies receive low salaries and have no interest in business. Thus, the consultants may conclude that the same recommendations can be made in both cases: increase salaries and find other ways of motivation.

Which of the following assumptions is critical to the passage's conclusion ?

A) Managers use motivation to increase productivity.
B) Motivation of management is the most important to improve performance of a company.
C) Motivation is a widely used tool to increase productivity.
D) The group of consultants is really professional.
E) There are no adequate sources which prove effectiveness of monetary motivation during transition period.

For this question, select the best of the answer choices given.

The events which take place in Iraq after the end of war, unlike the it was predicted, turned out to be as serious as the war itself.
From which of the following statements can the statement above be properly inferred?

A) The predictions of democratization of Iraq which were made before the war have not been borne out in the subsequent course of events.
B) International organizations have much limited influence than had been expected. The war in Iraq turned out to be trigger for further discussions and disputes about fight against terrorism.
C) The Iraq war, though serious enough in global terms, have not had any widespread impact on the global economy.
D) The effects of the Iraqi war will be felt in the Muslim world for thousands of years to come.
E) We can not make serious predictions about world events.

For this question, select the best of the answer choices given.


Many people believe economists can control inflation. Can meteorologists make the sun shine ?

In which one of the following does the reasoning the most closely parallel that employed in the passage ?

A) Some people think racism is defensible. Hasn't racism was a reason for many horrible crimes ?
B) Many people believe that sport is useful. Isn't sport a source of may traumas and injures ?
C) Many people believe that playing action games will discharge aggressive energy. Does watching someone else eat fill one's stomach ?
D) Some people think alcoholics are persons with weak character. However, aren't most genius alcoholics ?
E) Some people think shoplifting is morally wrong. However, aren't supermarkets responsible for low quality of food ?

In Richmond stands a marble statue of George Washington that is among the most notable pieces of eighteenth-century art, one of the most important works in the nation, and the truest likeness of perhaps the first American to become himself an icon. A life-sized representation sculpted by France’s Jean-Antoine Houdon between 1785 and 1791 on a commission from Virginia’s legislature, it was raised in the capitol rotunda in 1796, the year Washington published his Farewell Address. The commonwealth’s records detail its creation and its initial reception by the public, but the object hasbeen the subject of little scholarly or scientific attention. The work’s existence after it left Houdon’s studio and arrived in America has been largely undocumented, and the statue’s relationships to its artistic and historical contexts havenot been examined. In 2000, the year the Virginia General Assembly and the Library of Virginia approached Colonial Williamsburg Foundation conservators to clean the statue, came an opportunity for study.
This is an account of the collaboration between the two of us—Scott Nolley, the project’s chief conservator, and Tracy Kamerer, the state art collection’s curator—which developed more information about this emblem of American culture.In 1784, after Washington left the army’s service to return to private pursuits, the Virginia legislature resolved to honor him with “a monument of affection and gratitude” by ordering a statue of the man, “to be of the finest marble and best workmanship.” It was apparent that there were no American sculptors up to the task, so Governor Benjamin Harrison asked America’s ambassadors in Paris, Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin, to select one.

What is the main idea of this passage ?

A) Contribution of French sculptor to American culture.
B) The great monument to the great man.
C) George Washington is the most notable person of American history
D) Successful collaboration between Scott Nolley, the project’s chief conservator, and Tracy Kamerer, the state art collection’s curator.
E) Jean-Antoine Houdon is an emblem of American culture.

In Richmond stands a marble statue of George Washington that is among the most notable pieces of eighteenth-century art, one of the most important works in the nation, and the truest likeness of perhaps the first American to become himself an icon. A life-sized representation sculpted by France’s Jean-Antoine Houdon between 1785 and 1791 on a commission from Virginia’s legislature, it was raised in the capitol rotunda in 1796, the year Washington published his Farewell Address. The commonwealth’s records detail its creation and its initial reception by the public, but the object hasbeen the subject of little scholarly or scientific attention. The work’s existence after it left Houdon’s studio and arrived in America has been largely undocumented, and the statue’s relationships to its artistic and historical contexts havenot been examined. In 2000, the year the Virginia General Assembly and the Library of Virginia approached Colonial Williamsburg Foundation conservators to clean the statue, came an opportunity for study.
This is an account of the collaboration between the two of us—Scott Nolley, the project’s chief conservator, and Tracy Kamerer, the state art collection’s curator—which developed more information about this emblem of American culture.In 1784, after Washington left the army’s service to return to private pursuits, the Virginia legislature resolved to honor him with “a monument of affection and gratitude” by ordering a statue of the man, “to be of the finest marble and best workmanship.” It was apparent that there were no American sculptors up to the task, so Governor Benjamin Harrison asked America’s ambassadors in Paris, Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin, to select one.

Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage ?

A) Short historical introduction was given, then the nature of research was explained, and finally new facts were presented.
B) A set of examples is furnished. Then a conclusion is drawn from them.
C) The importance of the statue for American culture is illustrated by using two examples.
D) The statue is presented as one of the most important works in the nation. An evidence is offered to support that claim.
E) The peace of art was presented, its beauty discussed, then conclusion about author was made.

In Richmond stands a marble statue of George Washington that is among the most notable pieces of eighteenth-century art, one of the most important works in the nation, and the truest likeness of perhaps the first American to become himself an icon. A life-sized representation sculpted by France’s Jean-Antoine Houdon between 1785 and 1791 on a commission from Virginia’s legislature, it was raised in the capitol rotunda in 1796, the year Washington published his Farewell Address. The commonwealth’s records detail its creation and its initial reception by the public, but the object hasbeen the subject of little scholarly or scientific attention. The work’s existence after it left Houdon’s studio and arrived in America has been largely undocumented, and the statue’s relationships to its artistic and historical contexts havenot been examined. In 2000, the year the Virginia General Assembly and the Library of Virginia approached Colonial Williamsburg Foundation conservators to clean the statue, came an opportunity for study.
This is an account of the collaboration between the two of us—Scott Nolley, the project’s chief conservator, and Tracy Kamerer, the state art collection’s curator—which developed more information about this emblem of American culture.In 1784, after Washington left the army’s service to return to private pursuits, the Virginia legislature resolved to honor him with “a monument of affection and gratitude” by ordering a statue of the man, “to be of the finest marble and best workmanship.” It was apparent that there were no American sculptors up to the task, so Governor Benjamin Harrison asked America’s ambassadors in Paris, Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin, to select one.

The reason to assume that the sculpture is an emblem of American culture is..

A) It was created by famous sculptor, who had been selected by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin.
B) Creation of such a masterpiece was planned from the beginning.
C) It's devoted to George Washington, the first American.
D) It symbolizes cooperation between France and US.
E) It has a great history.

In Richmond stands a marble statue of George Washington that is among the most notable pieces of eighteenth-century art, one of the most important works in the nation, and the truest likeness of perhaps the first American to become himself an icon. A life-sized representation sculpted by France’s Jean-Antoine Houdon between 1785 and 1791 on a commission from Virginia’s legislature, it was raised in the capitol rotunda in 1796, the year Washington published his Farewell Address. The commonwealth’s records detail its creation and its initial reception by the public, but the object hasbeen the subject of little scholarly or scientific attention. The work’s existence after it left Houdon’s studio and arrived in America has been largely undocumented, and the statue’s relationships to its artistic and historical contexts havenot been examined. In 2000, the year the Virginia General Assembly and the Library of Virginia approached Colonial Williamsburg Foundation conservators to clean the statue, came an opportunity for study.
This is an account of the collaboration between the two of us—Scott Nolley, the project’s chief conservator, and Tracy Kamerer, the state art collection’s curator—which developed more information about this emblem of American culture.In 1784, after Washington left the army’s service to return to private pursuits, the Virginia legislature resolved to honor him with “a monument of affection and gratitude” by ordering a statue of the man, “to be of the finest marble and best workmanship.”It was apparent that there were no American sculptors up to the task, so Governor Benjamin Harrison asked America’s ambassadors in Paris, ThomasJefferson and BenjaminFranklin, to select one.

The author's attitude toward the selection of non-American sculptor is...

A) Strong advocate
B) Impartial observer
C) Opposed
D) Perplexed
E) Resigned to the fact.

This question presents a sentence, part of which or all of which is IN CAPS. Beneath the sentence you will find five ways of phrasing the underlined part. The first of these repeats the original; the other four are different. If you think the original is best, choose the first answer; otherwise choose one of the others.

My kids ENJOYED SWIMMING IN THE POOL, WATCHING TV, AND, PARTICULARLY, TO PLAY TENNIS outside.

A) enjoyed swimming in the pool, watching TV, and, particularly, to play tennis
B) enjoyed swimming in the pool, to watch TV, and, particularly, to play tennis

C) enjoyed swimming in the pool, watching TV, and, particularly, playing tennis.
D) enjoyed to swim in the pool, to watch TV, and, particularly, to play tennis

E) enjoyed swimming in the pool, to watch TV, and, particularly playing tennis

For this question, select the best of the answer choices given.

Jack can earn an MBA unless he does poorly on the GMAT or does not get a financial aid.

Which of the following statements cannot be validly drawn from the above statements ?

A) Jack earned an MBA. So he must have both done well on the GMAT and gotten a financial aid.
B) If Jack does not earn an MBA, then he did poorly on the GMAT or could not get a financial aid.
C) Jack receive an MBA and he did well on the GMAT. So he must have gotten a financial aid.
D) Jack did poorly on the GMAT. So he will not earn an MBA.
E) If Jack does poorly on the GMAT and does not get a financial aid, then he will not earn an MBA.

For this question, select the best of the answer choices given.

There has been a significant increase in prices for DVD movies this year. Companies describe the necessity for these increases to the easy availability of recording devices, which enable people simply to copy the movie they want rather than buying the disk.
Which of the following, if it is a fact, would make this explanation more plausible?

A) People prefer watching movies in cinemas rather than at home
B) Many companies, like Macromedia or Sony invested hundreds of thousands in devices or solutions, which prevent media copying
C) There has been a significant increase in costs of movie production.
D) DVD format is going to be the most popular from other media formats, including VHS and CD.
E) In the five years immediately preceding the price increase, there was a substantial decline in the number of retail sales of DVD movies, while renting remained fairly stable.

For this question, select the best of the answer choices given.

The main reason for abnormal program termination is insufficient resources. RAM and video are the two main components, and network card or modem are unimportant. Besides the hardware,type of operation system is important but, of course there are versions for Mac and Windows computers.

Given the above information which of the following statements is correct?

A) It is preferable to use alternative operational system to avoid possibility of abnormal program termination.
B) Mac OS is more reliable than Windows.
C) Type of operation system, though not as crytical for abnormal program termination, (since users usually know their computers) is an important component to know for purchasing specific version of a program.
D) Knowledge of operational system is crytical for creation reliable software solutions.
E) Operational system must support hardware upgrading, especially for installation of additional RAM or video card.

For this question, select the best of the answer choices given.

Creation of joint venture in Russia is perspective, despite problems you might face with. Five years, we registered company in Hungary (during political and economical reforms) and that location has been generating profits ever since.

Which of the following is the author of the above argument trying to imply?

A) Russia and Hungary are former socialist states, so they are similar in political and social fields.
B) The assumed joint venture will be successful despite corruption, undeveloped infrastructure or lack of professional staff.
C) Hungary and Russia has equal opportunities to develop market economy.
D) Hungary is more successful in reforms than Russia and the current EU enlargement is confirmation of this.
E) Opponents of doing business with Russia are politically biased.

For this question, select the best of the answer choices given.

The legalization of drugs in Canada is started. Now it's allowed to buy opium under prescription in special stores. This decision was made under recommendations of respectable professionals who has experience of dealing with difficult patients. We know these doctors understand the issue and would not propose something that is likely to be harmful. Therefore this project of legalization of drugs is going to be useful and successful.

In presenting his position the author does which of the following ?

A) Attacks the motives of his opponent
B) Uses a position of noted professionals to support own position.
C) Argues from the specific to the general.
D) Claims that his position is correct because it's a common sense.
E) Argues in a circular manner.

For this question, select the best of the answer choices given.

If a person studies five hours a day for the GMAT, his score will be no less than 720. Every student at Insead scored no less than 720. Thus, Mike who is studying at Insead must have studied at least five hours a day.

The reasoning in the argument above is flawed because...

A) it fails to consider that for some people studying less than five hours a day is sufficient to score no less than 720.
B) it fails to consider that people who studied less than four hours a day did not get into Insead.
C) it fails to consider that studying more than 6 hours a day could be counterproductive.
D) it fails to consider that is very difficult to find additional five hours a day, especially if one is a college student.
E) it fails to consider that many students must study more, since English is not their native language.

For this question, select the best of the answer choices given.

Five years ago the total share of personal, corporate and property taxes was 75 % of nations GDP. Now that share has decreased to 69%.

Which of the following can be properly inferred from the information above ?

A) The average tax payer keeps a greater percentage of income in shadow.
B) The average tax payer keeps a greater amount of income in shadow.
C) Inefficiency and corruption has been reduced in government agencies.
D) On average, people have better standard of living now.
E) The total amount of taxes decreased during the last 5 years.

This question presents a sentence, part of which or all of which is IN CAPS. Beneath the sentence you will find five ways of phrasing the underlined part. The first of these repeats the original; the other four are different. If you think the original is best, choose the first answer; otherwise choose one of the others.

Vitamin B has benefits, but beyond 1 gram a day, the benefits you can expect to derive BY TAKING EVEN MORE WOULD BE NEGLIGIBLE.

A) by taking even more would be negligible
B) by taking even more is negligible
C) from future intake is negligible
D) from further intake are negligible

E) by taking it in future would be negligible

This question presents a sentence, part of which or all of which is IN CAPS. Beneath the sentence you will find five ways of phrasing the underlined part. The first of these repeats the original; the other four are different. If you think the original is best, choose the first answer; otherwise choose one of the others.

Production of DVD players HAS INCREASED MORE THAN THREE TIMES in this decade.

A) has increased more than three times
B) was more than three times
C) increased by more than three times
D) has more than tripled
E) had more than tripled

This question presents a sentence, part of which or all of which is IN CAPS. Beneath the sentence you will find five ways of phrasing the part. The first of these repeats the original; the other four are different. If you think the original is best, choose the first answer; otherwise choose one of the others.

AS BEING IN CHILDHOOD, I liked playing chess.

A) As being in my childhood
B) While being a child
C) As being the child
D) At the time of his being a child
E) As a child



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