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Past perfect tense. Прошедшее свершенное время.
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The Past Perfect Tense обозначает действие, которое произошло до какого-то момента в прошлом.
+------------------+ +------------+
| by 2 o'clock | | had + V3 |
| yesterday | +------------+
| before you come |
+------------------+
+----------------------------------------------------------+
| + She had written a letter by 5 o'clock on Saturday. |
| - She had not written a letter by 5 o'clock on Saturday. |
| ? Had he written a letter by 5 o'clock on Saturday? |
| Yes, he had. No, he had not. (No, he hadn't.) |
+----------------------------------------------------------+
Употребление:
1. Когда есть указание момента времени, к которому закончилось действие в прошлом:
By 9 o'clock we'd finished the work. К 9 часам мы закончили работу.
She had written only two letters by noon. К полудню она написала только 2 письма.
2. Когда действие в прошлом имело место ранее другого действия:
When you arrived, he had just left. Когда вы прибыли, он только что уехал.
He had worked at the university for thirty years before he retired. Он проработал в университете 30 лет, прежде чем ушёл на пенсию.
3. В косвенной речи для передачи настоящего свершенного и простого прошедшего времени:
He said he had studied English for two years.(He said: "I have studied English for two years.") Он сказал, что изучает английский язык два года.
She said she had published her first story 10 years before.(She said: "I published my first story 10 years ago.") Она сказала, что опубликовала свой первый рассказ 10 лет тому назад.
Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения:
I saw that my friends had gone.
By six o'clock on Sunday I had already learned all the words.
I thought he had written to you.
We didn't know that the text had been changed.
She had written the report by eight о'clock yesterday. Who had finished his work by Monday?
I had finished my work by Monday.
She knew I had spoken to her father.
He told me that he had seen Nick the week before.
She thanked me for what I had done for her.
They woke after the alarm-clock had already rung.
After you had gone I went to sleep.
We asked him what countries he had visited.
In England he remembered all of the grammar rules that he had learned.
He took the money after I had asked him to do so.
She told me his name after he had left the room.
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