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Nouns
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63. Classification - "kind" and "type".
kinds/typse + of + noun( non-count or plural count)
This shop keeps several kinds of books.
This shop keeps several kinds of literature.
Many types of ships sail here.
kind/type+ of+noun(sing. Coun or non-count)
One kind of show is news.
One type of homework is lab report.
64. -Ing and infinitive subjects.
Either an -ing form or an infinitive may be used as the subject of a sentence or a clause.
S(-ing or inf.) V ...
Reading quickly and well requires practice.
To read a foreign language is even more difficult.
Don't use "to" with an -ing form. Don't use a verb word (without "to") instead of an infinitive.
65. Qualifying phrases with -ing nouns.
An -ing form can be used as a noun. This -ing form is often called GERUND. An -ing form is a non-count noun, but when a prepositional phrase (with "of") qualifies the noun, that is, adds specific information, "the" may be used with an -ing form.
the + -ing + qualifying phrase
The driving of a car is simple.
The reading of technical literature requires knowledge of technical terms.
"The" cannot appears before an -ing form unless it is followed by a qualifying phrase.
66. Nominal "that" clause.
Sometimes a whole noun phrase or noun clause (rather than a single noun) is a subject. An example of such a noun clause is a nominal, "that"-clause, which is a complete sentence, preceded by "that".
(Nominal "that" clause) + V ...
That smoking is harmful is well known.
That you are wrong leaves little doubt.
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