Adjectives

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86. Cause-and-result: "so ... that"

"So" clause expresses cause, "that" clause expresses result.

 S + V +so +adj/adv +that+ S + V

She got up so late that she missed her bus

The music was so loud that we couldn't talk.

  Don't use "as" or "too" instead of "so". Don't use "as" instead of "that".

 

87. Cause-and-result: "such ... that", "so...that".

"Such" clause expresses cause, "that" clause expresses result.

 S + V + such + a+ adj +noun(sing)+that + S + V

She wears such a bright frock that one cannot miss her.

It is such an old house that all people left it.

 S + V + so + adj + a + noun(sing)+that + S + V

She wears so bright a frock that one cannot miss her.

It is so old a house that all people left it.

  Don't use "so" before "a" instead of "such". Don't use "such" before an adjective instead of "so".

 

88. Excess - "too".

"Too" means 'excessively'. The "too" clause expresses cause, the infinitive expresses result. 

too +adj + infinitive

The water is too cold to swim.

  Don't use "so" or "such" instead of "too" before an adjective when an infinitive follows.

 

89. Emphasis - very.

"Very" is used for emphasis; it DOESN'T introduce a clause or infinitive that expresses result.

 ... very + adj. [ No 'that', no 'to' !]

This tea is very hot.

  Don't use "so" or "too" instead of "very" when no clause of result or infinitive follows.( "So" is used instead of "very" in colloquial English, but not in official use, such as is tested on the TOEFL).

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