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Adverbs
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Adverbs and adverb phrases add information to sentences. They add information about manner (how something is done); frequency (how often); time and date (when); and duration of time (how long).
130. Adverbs of manner.
They describe the manner in which something is done. They answer the question, "how?" They usually end in "-ly".
S + V + adverb(manner) ....
The class listened attentively to the lecture.
Don't use an adjective instead of an adverb of manner. Don't use an adverb of manner between "to" and verb word in the infinitive.
131. Adverbs of manner - FAST, LATE, and HARD.
These 3 adverbs don't ends in "-ly".
The medication acts fast (=rapidly).
My roommate returned home late (=at late time).
The time played hard (=with great energy).
Don't use "fastly", "lately", and "hardly" as if they were adverb forms of "fast", "late" and "hard". The are not. ("Fastly" is not used at all; "lately" means 'recently'; "hardly" means 'almost not at all').
132. SOMETIME and SOMETIMES
SOMETIME = at some time in the indefinite future. It is usually used after a verb.
SOMETIMES = occasionally.
It is usually used at the beginning or end of a sentence or a clause.
S V
My family will call me long distance sometime.
(no specific date in the future)
S V
Sometimes my family call me long distance.
(occasionally)
Don't confuse their meanings.
133. Negative emphasis
Negatives includes phrases like (not one, not once, not until, never, never again, only rarely, very seldom). Negatives answer the question "how often?" They are used at the beginning of the statement to express emphasis. They cause inverse word order:
negative + auxiliary_verb + S (+ V)
Never have I seen so much show.
Not until 1945 was nuclear energy used.
Only seldom does he attend lectures.
Always use auxiliary before the subject in this pattern
134. Introductory adverbial modifier - "once"
"Once" = at one time in the past. "Once" answer the question "when?"
"Once" is often used as an introductory adverbial modifier. It modifies the main subject that follows the clause.
Once + noun, + S + V ...
Once a salesman, Pete has been promoted to district manager.
Once a sailor, John remembered about sea for all his life.
