means choosing between similar words to express precise meaning
TRANSITIVE VERB INTRANSITIVE VERB
Sailors raise sails. Sun rises. Water in the river rises.
A hen lays eggs. John lies in his bed.
He set some equipment. Sun sets.
Noun 'raise' means an increase of salary;
Noun 'rise' means an increase in price, quality, degree.
225. Similar verbs - "tell (told)" and "say (said)"
"tell" is often used before complements, especially persons; "say" is not used before complements that are persons.
"say" is usually used before "that"-clause.
The teacher tells us how to do it.
The teacher told us how to do it.
The teacher says - that we are making progress.
The teacher said - that we are making progress.
226. Similar verbs - "let (let)" and "leave (left)"
They have similar sounds, but different meanings.
to let = to allow, to permit
to leave = to depart, to go
227. Similar verbs - "borrow" and "lend (lent,lent)"
to borrow = to take and give back
to lend = to give and take back
228. Similar verbs - "make (made)" and "do (did, done)"
"To do" is often used before complements that describe work and chores.
"To make" is often used before complements that are derived from verbs.
DO an assignment MAKE an agreement (to agree)
the dishes an announcement (to announce)
a favor an attempt (to attempt)
homework a decision (to decide)
the laundry a discover (to discover)
229. Prepositional idioms
accede to, according to , approve of , ashamed of , bored with, capable of, compare with , compete with, together , composed of, concerned with, conscious of, depend on, effects on, equal to, except for, from now on, from time to time, frown on , glance at, incapable of , in conflict , inferior to, in the habit of , in the near future, knowledge of , і of the opinion , on top of, opposite, prior to, regard to , related to , similar to ,
230. Parts of speech
It is usually very easily to identify the parts of speech, word families can be confusing. Word families are group of words with similar meanings and spellings. Each word in a family is a different part of speech. For example, "agreement" is a noun, "agreeable" is an adjective, "to agree" is a verb.
The ending of words can help you to identify the part of speech.
Nouns derived from verbs:
store -age storage
accept -ance acceptance
agree -ment agreement
authorize -sion/-tion authorization
Nouns derived from adjectives:
Adjective Ending Noun
convenient -ce convenience
redundant -cy redundancy
opposite -tion opposition
soft -ness softness
durable -ty durability
Adjectives derived from nouns:
Noun Ending Adjective
possibility -able/-ible possible
intention -al intentional
distance -ant distant
frequency -ent frequent
juice -y juicy
Adverbs derived from adjectives:
Adjective Ending Adverb
efficient -ly efficiently
It is the end of the grammar manual; 140+30 problems, 9 parts.
